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**Tyrannosaurus Rex** Towering over the Late Cretaceous, this apex predator ruled North America with bone-crushing jaws and serrated teeth. Measuring 40 feet long, it hunted prey with keen vision and a top speed of 12 mph. Though its tiny arms seem comical, they may have anchored muscles for gripping struggling victims. **Triceratops** A walking fortress, this herbivore sported three massive horns and a bony frill to fend off predators. Weighing up to 12 tons, it roamed in herds, using its parrot-like beak to strip tough vegetation. Fossilized battle scars suggest epic clashes with rivals—and T. rex. **Velociraptor** Swift and cunning, this turkey-sized hunter relied on speed and sickle-shaped claws to ambush prey. Contrary to Hollywood myths, it was feathered, blending into arid Mongolia’s terrain. Pack tactics made it a nightmare for smaller dinosaurs—teamwork turned this underdog into a menace. **Brachiosaurus** A Jurassic giant stretching 85 feet skyward, it browsed treetops with giraffe-like grace. Hollow bones lightened its 50-ton frame, while nostrils atop its head let it breathe while submerged. Herds likely shook the earth as they migrated, their necks swaying like living cranes. **Stegosaurus** This plated herbivore wielded a spiked tail and bony back armor against predators. Despite its bus-sized body, its brain was walnut-sized—though a second nerve cluster near its hips may have boosted reflexes. Plates possibly radiated heat or flashed colors to attract mates. **Ankylosaurus** Nature’s tank, this Cretaceous beast wore thick, knobby armor and swung a club-like tail to shatter predator bones. Low-slung and wide, it grazed on ferns and shrubs, shielded by osteoderms so dense even T. rex teeth struggled to penetrate. **Spinosaurus** Larger than T. rex, this semi-aquatic hunter prowled rivers with crocodile-like jaws and a sail-backed silhouette. Webbed feet and dense bones let it dive for fish, while conical teeth gripped slippery prey. A true anomaly—the only dinosaur adapted to a life split between land and water. **Pteranodon** Soaring over ancient seas, this winged reptile (not a dinosaur!) used its 20-foot wingspan to glide effortlessly. Toothless and lightweight, it plucked fish mid-flight, steering with a rudder-like crest. Fossilized stomachs reveal it swallowed prey whole—no chewing required. **Parasaurolophus** Recognizable by its curved head crest, this duck-billed herbivore communicated via resonant calls across Cretaceous floodplains. The hollow crest amplified low-frequency booms, audible for miles. Herds of thousands migrated seasonally, their tracks etching highways into the mud. **Allosaurus** The lion of the Jurassic, this 30-foot carnivore slashed prey with razor teeth and powerful claws. Unlike T. rex, it had flexible jaws for wider bites and likely hunted in packs. Healed injuries in fossils hint at a violent life—even apex predators weren’t invincible. **Diplodocus** A whip-tailed titan stretching 90 feet, it swept its neck like a vacuum cleaner to strip ferns and leaves. Vertebrae with air sacs kept its weight manageable, while peg-like teeth raked foliage nonstop. Its tail could crack like a bullwhip—deterring predators with sonic booms. **Compsognathus** Pigeon-sized and lightning-fast, this tiny predator snagged insects and lizards in Jurassic Europe. Often overshadowed by giants, its fossils prove small dinosaurs thrived in niches. Gangly legs and needle teeth made it a nuisance—proof that size isn’t everything. **Iguanodon** A pioneering herbivore, it shuffled on muscular legs with thumb spikes for defense. Early paleontologists mistook its teeth for an iguana’s—hence the name. Herds likely migrated across continents, chewing cycads and conifers with cheek teeth designed for grinding. **Pachycephalosaurus** This dome-headed oddity rammed rivals with a skull roof 10 inches thick. Males likely dueled for mates, crashing heads like battering rams—though some scientists argue they targeted flanks to avoid brain injury. Either way, it was the ultimate headbanger. **Carnotaurus** Sporting bull-like horns and a sprinter’s build, this South American predator chased down prey with explosive speed. Its slender jaws delivered quick, shallow bites—perfect for bleeding out victims. Skin impressions reveal rows of bony scutes, adding armor to its freakish look.
